What are the primary causes of refractive errors?

Refractive errors are primarily caused by a combination of genetics, environmental factors, and age-related changes. Genetics play a significant role, as many refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism have a hereditary component. Additionally, environmental factors such as prolonged near work or lack of outdoor activity can influence the development and progression of these errors. As individuals age, the eye undergoes natural changes that can alter its ability to refract light correctly, leading to conditions like presbyopia, further contributing to refractive errors.

While incorrect lens prescriptions, overexposure to screens, and inadequate lighting conditions can affect visual comfort and performance, they are not primary causes of refractive errors. Instead, they can be considered secondary factors that may exacerbate existing refractive issues but do not fundamentally alter the anatomical or genetic predispositions that lead to these errors. Thus, focusing on the primary causes provides a clearer understanding of the root of refractive errors.